* GENERAL

* INTRODUCTION

* ROADLIGHTING

* INTERIOR LIGHTING

* DAYLIGHT

* LIGHT SOURCES

* PHOTOMETRY

Copies of the Proceedings may be ordered from:

Office NSVV

P.O. Box 9035

6800 ET ARNHEM

The Netherlands

Tel: + 31 26 356 24 66

Fax: + 31 26 442 91 23

Author of the report: Rienk Visser (Technical Management)

by order of Novem (contract 168410.071:

contact B.P.F. Huenges Wajer)

in co-operation with NSVV (Netherlands Institution of Illuminating Engineering)

Scientific editors: Martin van Ooyen (NSVV)

Laurens Zonneveldt (TNO/TUE, Centre for Building Research)

* GENERAL

The 8th European Lighting Conference Lux Europa 1997 was held from 11 through 14 May 1997 in Amsterdam. The conference was attended by about 260 persons from 29 countries, of which some from other continents than Europe.

Not only during the opening session much attention was given to energy efficient lighting by a contribution with the title "Innovation and energy-efficiency in the lighting industry" by C. Boonstra, President of Philips Electronics, but also during the whole conference.

Major themes were:

* Road lighting (22 contributions)

* Interior lighting (38 contributions)

* Daylight (17 contributions)

* Standardisation on lighting in Europe (4 contributions)

* Light sources (5 contributions)

* Physiological aspects (5 contributions)

* Exterior lighting (13 contributions)

* Photometry (8 contributions)

In a workshop on energy efficient lighting, organised by Novem, the Netherlands Agency for Energy and Environment 10 papers were presented, mainly about road lighting, interior lighting and daylight, were presented in a lively atmosphere.

Energy efficiency was also an important issue in a number of the 35 selected posters, which were on show throughout the conference .

This review encompasses title and summery of the 33 energy efficiency related contributions to the proceedings.

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* INTRODUCTION

Energy efficiency of lighting does not only receive attention in the Right Light conferences, but also is increasingly drawing attention during general lighting conferences.

During the conference Lux Europa 1997 more than 20% of the contributions were directly related to this issue.

In particular design and application of road lighting and interior lighting and the possibilities to utilise entry of daylight were hot items. On interior lighting especially energy efficient and ergonomical lighting of office rooms and opportunities for energy management systems and systems for individual light regulation received the advantage of much attention. This also counted for the development of energy efficient lamps, ballasts and luminaires for outdoor and interior lighting and application of systems for guiding daylight and artificial lighting.

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* ROAD LIGHTING

The contributions about road lighting were divided in the following categories:

- Quality aspects

- Light sources in road lighting

- Installation aspects

- Energy aspects

End user's needs and newest HID-lamp technologies for street lighting (in German)

- Wendel, W.W. / 144

Important for high-class street lighting are light colour, efficacy and light point size. The new mercury-free Sodium- Xenonlamps with electronic ballast are giving more possibilities to combine one and other.

The use of compact fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast for tunnel lighting (in French)

- Martin, J.-C. / 167

Feedback of experiences on sites in operation prove the advantages of HF CFL's for tunnel lighting compared to the more usual lamps as high- and low-pressure sodium.

- Borkovits, G / 195

In order to decrease the continuously increasing electricity bill for public lighting in Pécs high-pressure sodium lamps are used more and more instead of tungsten lamps, fluorescent lamps and mercury-vapour lamps. In a recent study is suggested that problems of the town's street lighting should be solved with a big scale installation of sodium lamps.

- Hoek, K.Th. van / 439

The Dutch government pursues an active policy on energy conservation and environmental protection. The introduction and distribution of a set of tools for energy efficient lighting was gradual, using primarily more or less coincidental events such as lighting conferences and symposia and the direct contacts maintained by Novem consultants as part of the Municipal Energy Approach. The effect of the tools is to be evaluated next year. It is already possible to say that municipalities are now paying significantly more attention to saving energy in public lighting.

- Lasinski, M. / 451

Municipalities are aware of the fact that they should be ready with energy saving street lighting installations to be confronted with increased energy prices. With new installations it is possible to reach substantial savings varying from 40% to 60% of the power installed before modernisation.

- Kaptein, N.A. / Hogema, J.H. and Folles, E. / 461

In the Netherlands the concept of Dynamic Public Lighting (DYNO) has been introduced, which implies that road lighting is continuously adapted to the prevailing conditions, finding a balance between traffic safety and environment (energy consumption as well as wildlife disturbance). In order to make sure that this does not affect traffic safety and to find out whether the proposed switching schedule is appropriate or needs adjustment, effects on behaviour are being evaluated, comparing unlit roads, roads with conventional lighting and roads with dynamic lighting.

- Baenziger, T. / Poort, W. / 699

With three case studies: a street lighting application, a tunnel application and an indoor installation, the possibilities for control strategies and cost benefits are discussed using available technologies and forecasting techniques.

- Messina, N., Oriti, C., Pappalardo, A., Tina, G. and Anastasi, G. / 1153

A new kind of automation and control system of tunnel lighting offers possibilities for a better safety level, reduction of energy consumption and limited costs of installation and management. This is possible with the control of each lamp through the use of electronic circuits which have a microprocessor installed inside. Adequately sensors installed and specially built software make it enable both control of the function conditions of each lighting device and also management according to security needs.

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* INTERIOR LIGHTING

The contributions about interior lighting were divided in the following categories:

- Visual appraisal

- Application

- Museum lighting

- Design

- Kemenade, J. van / Burgt, P. van der / 252

Strong increase of downlights for compact fluorescent lamps in the lighting of shops, offices, hotels

and public area's prove the need for more freedom in lighting design. With the development of other compact light sources such as very compact fluorescent lamps, compact high intensity discharge lamps and also induction lamps it is now possible to create economical lighting solutions, with respect to illuminance levels, comfort, ambiance, modelling and decorative effects.

- Kavelaars, M / Visser, R. / 752

High-quality and energy-efficient home lighting gets much less attention than lighting for public utilities. In The Netherlands, however, the government, energy companies, the industry and the retail trade sector made considerable efforts both on a national and a European scale. Their efforts led to a penetration of an average of approximately 2,7 compact fluorescent lamps in homes. The government is working now on an overall approach, consisting of the following parts: defining ideal lighting solutions, remedying technical bottlenecks and promoting good solutions.

- Zeguers, J.D.M. / Jacobs, M.J.M. / 761

New legislation in The Netherlands obliges lighting designers to save energy by applying various energy-saving measures in a creative way. Without the necessary attention energy-saving measures can, however, easily affect visual comfort. Philips has developed a method by means of which the comfort of the installation as perceived by the users can be classified and which enables the lighting designer to predict how the user of an office will perceive the level of comfort of the lighting solution.

- Embrechts, R. / 783

Future lighting solutions must reconcile the need for flexible, ergonomical workplaces with energy efficiency. A presentation of two case studies: one about an individual light regulation system with unnoticeable functions for the user and another about a complete individual lighting show the need of individual regulation systems in the future.

- Visser, R. / 310

Energy-efficient lighting is very important in the future, also for offices. But designers have also to pay attention tot a more efficient use of the office space, the need of a more efficient business process and the users need for a less strict division between the home environment, leisure time and the work place.

- Lange, H.-H. / Wouters, M.C.H. / 812

With the introduction of T5 slim-line fluorescent lamps attractive almost invisible pendant luminaires, elegant small surface mounted luminaires and extremely flat recessed mounted luminaires with highly efficient optics with omnidirectional luminance control have come available.

- Zonneveldt, L. / Rutten, A.J.F. / 826

A research of the light loss factor of fluorescent lighting has been carried out by a number of parties co-ordinated by the NSVV, the Dutch Illuminating Engineering Society. This research has led to a new determination procedure for the maintenance factor of fluorescent lighting, mainly based on expert interviews, measurements on site and a number of experiments.

- Bergem - Jansen, P.M. / 1180

With the help of a questionnaire, various subjective reactions to an energy-efficient lighting system consisting of two components and combined with three automatic lighting control systems were determined for about 65 employees. A traditional general lighting system consisting of luminaires suitable for VDU-work, was involved in the study as a reference.

The results showed that the 2-component lighting was found to be more pleasant, friendly, soft and also slightly less businesslike than the reference lighting.

- Zonneveldt, L., Huenges Wajer, B.P.F. and Visser, R / 1198

There is no prescription on what will lead to the "best" possible lighting. Therefore it is important to have objective selection criteria to choose between the possible solutions.

For that reason a criterion for the energy efficiency of fluorescent lighting that can be used to compare different lighting solutions for a given space with respect to energy efficiency has been developed.

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* DAYLIGHT

The contributions about daylight were divided in the following categories:

- Collection of Data

- Application

- Design by scale models and calculation

A statistical skymodel to evaluate switch-on times (in German)

- Szerman, M. / 374

Daylight controlled lighting systems strongly influence the electrical energy consumption of offices.

To determine the times these systems would switch on, a statistical skymodel has been developed.

Characterization of luminous sequences in variable weather-application to lighting control systems (in French)

- Perraudeau, M. / 397

Frequent measurements were made over a long period to analyse variable weather conditions, . The parameters measured were the global and diffuse illuminances on the horizontal plane. The results have been used in a calculation model developed to test indoor lighting control systems.

- Zonneveldt, L. / 475

A number of new products and components that enable continuous control have come to market as daylight responsive control of lighting has become a reality. IEA (International Energy Agency) Task 21, Subtask B seeks to demonstrate the possibilities of these new technologies and thus promote their application. The first projects have resulted in a database of available products and an extensive description of procedures to evaluate systems under actual working conditions. The results of a currently tested number of systems will be used to produce design guidelines.

- Cropper, P. / Lomas, K., Lyons, A. and Mardaljevic, J. / 480

At present it is not possible to accurately predict time-varying illuminance in geometrically complex spaces lit by any combination of natural and daylight controlled artificial lighting. With the computerised DLS (Dynamic Lighting System) of the Institute of Energy and Sustainable, it is possible to predict time-varying illuminances as well as the status of artificial lights and their energy demand.

- Zonneveldt, L., Leijendeckers, M. and Pernot, C.E.E. / 1205

The results of the tests of seven different European daylighting calculation programs by the Steinbeis-Transferzentrum Licht shows significant differentiations between the programs especially by complex room configurations and higher reflections also with the results of a model room.

- Mardaljevic, J. / 555

The illuminance predictions from the lighting simulation program Radiance are compared with measurements taken in full scale experimental rooms under real sky conditions.

The obtained results show that the Radiance lighting simulation system can predict internal illuminance to a high degree of accuracy for a large sample of skies which cover a wide range of actual sky conditions.

Energy efficient and ergonomic lighting by innovative daylight systems and building management systems (in German)

- Ehling, K. / Knoop, T., Aydinli, S. and Kaase, H. / 710

The reinforcement of daylight utilisation is important both from an ergonomic and an economic point of view. There are possibilities on one hand by innovative daylight redirecting systems and on the other hand by switching or dimming the artificial light according to the daylight conditions. In order to benefit from both systems, also the synergetic potential should be used with modern building management systems.

- Johnsen, K. / 725

The main objectives of IEA Task 21, involving 38 institutions from 16 countries, under the IEA (the International Energy Agency), are to advance daylighting technologies and to promote daylight conscious building design. Systems and strategies are tested and performance evaluated through studies in laboratory facilities, by computer simulations, as well as in case study buildings.

- Ünver, R., Köknel Yener, A., Enarun, D, Yildiz, D. and Kücükdogu, M. / 1243

A presentation of a study covering a model to determine the transparency-(window) ratios of rooms in residential buildings and the results of the application of this model to two cities in Turkey (Ankara and Antalya). These results can be used for determination of window dimensions in relation with obstruction angles at the design stage for the efficient use of daylight.

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* LIGHT SOURCES

T5 FH/FQ/FC of Osram (in German)

- Haas, A.G. / 598

An introduction of the new T5 fluorescent lamps with less volume, more lumens and more efficient. The T5 lamps, with a diameter of only 16mm, are also an attractive element for innovative lighting technology and can give more freedom for designers.

- Burgt, P.J.M. / Kemenade, J.T.C. and Verhaar, H.C.G. / 611

The electrodeless induction QL-lighting system combines high quality compact fluorescent lighting with a high luminous output and an extreme long life time (60.000 hours). And there is a noticeable trend towards compact downlights with a high luminous flux. In outdoor lighting the induction lamp matches the trend towards cost effective, energy efficient, white light sources especially in city beautification projects.

- Ender, E. / 628

The present limits of efficacy of halogen lamps for general lighting lies at about 20 lm/W. With regard to the wide distribution it is possible to increase the energy consumption for 25% utilising IR-reflecting coatings. This aim can be carried out both for low voltage halogen lamps and line voltage lamps.

- Perlo, P / Bigliati, C, Sinesi, S, Repetto, P.M., Andorlini, A and Donnini, A / 632

It is possible to make reflectors with circular and elliptical high output planes having higher efficiency and also reduced height compared with existing ones. With devices based on microoptics it is possible to get compact and efficient systems to illuminate extended narrow areas with a good definition of the surroundings.

- Webber, G.M.B. / Slater, A.I. and Huenges Wajer, B.P.F. / 737

A presentation is given of the findings of a study commissioned by DG XVII of the European Commission on a cost benefit analysis of the implementation of minimum efficiency standards for ballasts for linear fluorescent lamps in the EU.

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* PHOTOMETRY

- Covitti, A. / 913

The application of light pipes can be useful in architecture to illuminate internal rooms with natural light. Experiments have been carried out to test what happens when light goes across a long mirror pipe which is not rectilinear, and definite dimension results are available now. The variation of the light intensity and its chromatic composition are measured to define the technical performance of the "mirror pipe" system.

- Aizenberg, J.B. / Korobko, A.A., Buob, W. and Signer, R. / 919

The last two years a unique lighting system called "Heliobus" is designed and is installed in the four-storey building of Boppartshof school in St. Gallen on May 1996. The system comprises a new stationary heliostate located on the roof and a vertical prismatic light guide permeating all floors and illuminating recreation halls in the centre of the building. With this system the consumption of electricity decreased to 20 - 30% due to a lesser use of artificial lighting, maintaining lighting comfort in all daylight condition.

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