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Steven NadelA Review of U.S. and Canadian Lighting programmes for the Residential, Commercial and Industrial Sectors American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, USA Barbara A. Atkinson Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA James E. McMahon Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA Abstract In North America, there is widespread agreement that lighting efficiency offers significant and accessible energy savings in both the commercial and residential sectors. Utilities and regulators have taken several approaches to capture these savings. Recognizing that investments in efficiency offer the "least-cost" source of supply, utilities have initiated a variety of lighting efficiency incentive programmes for their customers. Meanwhile, federal, state, and provincial agencies use regulation to counter market barriers to the use of efficient technologies. This paper first discusses the technical potential for lighting savings in the United States. Technical potential is defined as the savings that could be captured if all cost-effective, commercially available measures were implemented in all eligible buildings. A measure is considered cost-effective based on its societal cost of conserved energy (CCE). Effects of changes in lighting efficiency on cooling and heating energy are included in the commercial analysis. Approximately 430 TWh or 60% of lighting electricity could be saved by 2010 if all cost-effective, commercially available measures were implemented in all applicable buildings. This includes 336 TWh or 69% of projected commercial lighting energy; 58 TWh or 47% of residential lighting energy; and 37 TWh or 36% of industrial lighting energy. We then describe programmes that aim to realize these savings. Approximately 200 such programmes have already been conducted in the U.S. U.S. information and technical assistance programmes include California's professional advisory committee, utility-sponsored lighting demonstration centers, and the Environmental Protection Agency's "Green Lights" programme. We elaborate on U.S. and Canadian utility programmes in the commercial sector, including information programmes, rebates, direct installation, loans and leasing, and new construction programmes. For the residential sector, we describe rebates, mail order and charity sales, direct installation, leasing, and new construction programmes. In both the commercial and residential sectors, these utility programmes typically cost the utility $0.01-0.04/kWh (0.007-0.030 ECU) saved, including both incentive payments and administrative costs. Next we discuss regulatory efforts, including testing and labeling, building codes, and equipment efficiency standards for both the U.S. and Canada. Finally, we estimate the achievable savings potential from utility programmes and regulations. Approximately 48% or 345 TWh of all U.S. lighting energy can be saved by 2010. This includes 186 TWh from utility programmes and 159 TWh from regulations. According to this analysis, about 80% of technical potential could be saved by a combination of regulations and utility programmes. over 60% of the achievable savings would come from comprehensive utility programmes with up to a 70% penetration rate.
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